To explore the regional differences of vulnerabilities in healthcare resources of primary healthcare institutions and their key influencing factors, providing evidence support for promoting the rational allocation and utilization of healthcare resources.

Based on the "pressure-carrying capacity" theory and expert consultation results, a vulnerability assessment model for healthcare resources in primary healthcare institutions was constructed. The vulnerability level was evaluated using the index method, and SPSS26.0 software was used to conduct vulnerability diagnosis and empirical analysis of relevant statistical data from various provinces in 2020.

The average comprehensive index of vulnerability of healthcare resources in primary healthcare institutions in 2020 was 1.152, with Guangxi (1.716), Xinjiang (1.711), and Qinghai (1.651) ranking in the top three. There were 7 provinces with safe vulnerability, 5 provinces with critical vulnerability, and 19 provinces with mild or above vulnerability. The t-test showed significant differences in 9 of the 15 indicators between the vulnerable group and the non-vulnerable group (P<0.05).

The healthcare resource system of primary healthcare institutions exhibits vulnerabilities under the dual effects of pressure and carrying capacity. These vulnerabilities are characterized by coupling amplification effects, shortage concentration effects, and universality.